松狮犬(Chow Chow)AKC标准及介绍
松狮犬(Chow Chow)AKC标准及介绍
[松狮犬总体介绍]松狮犬是一种原产于中国北方的古老犬种，曾在中国用途广泛，作为狩猎犬、拖曳犬、护卫犬。现在主要作为伴侣犬。
体格强强健，身体呈方形，属中型犬，肌肉发达，骨骼粗壮，骨量足，适合寒冷地区，身体强健。身体紧凑、短、胸宽而深，尾根高，，尾巴紧贴背部卷起，四肢笔直，强壮有力。从侧面看，后腿几乎没有明显的弯曲，膝关节和后跗骨在髋关节的正下方。正是这种结构形成了松狮犬独特的短而呆板的步法。头大，颅骨宽而平，嘴阔而深，昂首，头的周围有漂亮的、流苏般的鬃毛环绕。优雅的身体结构要求达到平衡，不能因为过于巨大导致活动不灵敏或不警觉。被毛分短毛和粗糙两种，都是双层毛。松狮集美丽，高贵和自然于一身，拥有独特的蓝舌头，愁苦的表情和独特的步法。
大小:成年品种的平均身高（肩高）是17～20英寸，然而最重要的是整体的比例。
比例:从侧面看身体为方形，结构紧凑。前额到臀部的距离等于马肩隆的最高点的高度。如果侧面像不是方形的则视为严重缺陷。从肘尖到地的距离等于肩高的一半。胸的底线与肘尖水平。从前、后看身体都很宽，而且宽度一样。对于真正的松狮来说，这些比例至关重要。判断幼犬时，不允许出现与这些比例相违背的情况.
身体：中型犬，肌肉发达，强壮，骨骼粗大。同样不受欢迎的还有口鼻长、骨骼细小以及过于笨重，成块状的品种。不同性别相比较时，要制定有利于母犬的标准，它们的头和身体可能无法象公犬那样巨大。与公犬的阳刚之气相比，母犬给人以柔美的感觉。
昂首，属于犬中头的比例较大的品种，但是不能夸张到看上去头重脚轻，或者无法昂起头来。一副愁眉不展的神情，高贵、庄重、严肃、冷静、独立。愁眉苦脸是由于额头的皮肤皱起一个疙瘩，而且正好在每只眼睛的内上角，形成皱眉；双眼间有明显皱纹，由口鼻延伸至前额；以及恰当的眼睛形状和位置，耳朵的形状，位置和竖耳。不能有过多的松弛皮肤。口鼻上不能出现皱纹。
眼:深褐色，深陷，双眼距离宽，眼斜，中等大小，杏仁状。恰到好处的位置和形状形成了松狮典型的东方外貌。眼圈黑色，眼睑既不能翻转也不能下垂，瞳孔清晰可见。
严重的缺陷:睑内翻或睑外翻，瞳孔被松弛的皮肤完全或部分遮盖。
耳:小，中等厚度，三角形但是耳尖稍圆，竖耳，略微前倾。位于颅骨顶部，分得很开。运动中一只耳朵下垂是十分不可取的。
失格:一只或两只垂耳。垂耳即耳朵在从根部到尖部的任何一点上出现断裂，或者是无法竖起而与颅骨顶部平行。
脑袋:从任何方向来看，颅骨顶部都十分宽阔平坦。被毛和松弛的皮肤不能代替应有的骨骼结构。从侧面看，口鼻的背线和颅骨基本平行。眉间的皱纹使结合处看起来比实际上突兀一些。和颅骨顶部相比，口鼻很短，但是不能少于头长的三分之一。口鼻宽，位于眼睛下方，宽度和深度一样。恰当的骨骼结构以及口鼻的衬托和垫子似的嘴唇构成了松狮方形的外表。口鼻的衬托作用不能过于夸张，影响方形头的形状。口闭合时，上唇要完全覆盖下唇，但是不能出现悬垂。
鼻:大，宽，黑，鼻孔明显张开。
失格:鼻子上有斑点，或明显不是黑色，但是有一个例外：蓝色的松狮可能拥有蓝或暗蓝灰色的鼻子。
嘴和舌头：嘴唇的边缘为黑色，嘴的大部分组织是黑色，齿龈最好是黑色。嘴巴是蓝色最为理想。舌头的上表面和边缘是深蓝色，颜色越深越好。
失格：舌头的上表面和边缘是红色或粉红色，或是有红色或粉红色的斑点。
牙齿坚固有力，剪状咬合。
颈部:强壮有力，饱满，肌肉发达，颈部呈优美的弧拱，脖子的长度要足以使犬在立正时把头昂起于背线之上。
背线平直，强壮，从马肩隆到尾根保持水平。
身躯:短，结实，肌肉发达，宽，深，腰部放松。身体，背，腰和臀部必须短，以保持方形的体型。胸宽，深，肌肉发达，窄胸和平胸是不能接受的。肋骨闭合紧密，弧度优美，不能是桶状。前肋骨的弧度在较低的那一端变窄，使肩膀和上臂能够平滑的衔接，并紧挨着胸壁。胸基宽而深，向下延伸到肘尖。胸骨的尖部几乎在肩岬的正前方。腰部肌肉发达，强壮，短，宽而深。臀部短而宽，尾部和大腿肌肉强壮，与臀部齐平。尾根高，卷起紧贴背部。与脊椎相连。
严重的缺陷:呼吸沉重或异常（不包括正常的喘气），窄胸或平胸。
肩膀强壮，肌肉发达，肩胛骨的尖端闭合完全。肩线与水平形成一个大约55°的角，与前臂形成大约110°的角，使得前腿伸展不充分。上臂不能比肩胛骨的长度短。肘关节在胸壁的侧面，肘部不能内翻或外翻。前腿从肘部到脚都是笔直的，骨骼粗壮，但是要与犬身体其他部分成比例。从前面看，前腿平行，分得很开，与宽阔的前胸相称。脚踝短而直。腰不能塌。可以去除狼指。
足爪圆，紧凑，为标准猫爪，脚趾的肉垫很厚，站立很稳。
后躯宽，强壮有力，臀部和大腿肌肉发达，骨骼粗大，前后骨架的份量差不多一样。从后面看，腿笔直，分得很开，与宽阔的盆骨相称。膝关节几乎没有角度，接合紧密稳定，尖端正指向后方，关节的骨头匀称，明显。飞节放松，几乎是笔直的。飞节必须强壮，接合紧密结实，不能弯曲，或发生扭转。飞节和后跗骨位于髋关节下方的一条直线上。后跗骨短，与地面成直角。可去除上爪。足爪的标准如前。
严重缺陷：膝关节和飞节不健全。
有两种类型的被毛：粗毛和短毛。都应有双层被毛。
粗毛:如果是粗被毛，披毛丰富，浓密，平直，不突出，毛层紧贴身体。表面毛杂乱；底毛柔软，浓密，类似于羊毛。小犬的被毛柔软，浓密，全身的毛都类似羊毛。被毛在头和脖子周围形成了一圈浓密的流苏般的鬃毛，衬托着松狮的头。公犬的被毛和流苏一般都比母犬长。尾部的毛为羽状。明显的修饰是不能接受的。可以修剪胡子、脚以及后跗骨部分。
短毛:除了外层被毛的数量和分布以外，短毛松狮的判定标准与粗毛松狮基本相同。短毛松狮有一身硬质、浓密，光滑的外层被毛，以及界限分明的内层被毛。腿上和尾巴上不能有明显的流苏状或羽毛状的毛 。
净彩色，纯色或流苏、尾巴和毛尖带轻微黑斑的纯色。松狮有五种颜色：红（淡金黄色至红褐色），黑色，蓝色，肉桂色（浅黄色至深肉桂色）和奶油色。这些颜色的松狮都可以接受，它们的评判标准相同。
[松狮犬的步态]正确的步态是整齐、有力。一定要矫健，直线行走，灵敏，简洁，迅速，有力，不能显得笨拙。
由于后半身比较直，后腿的步法短而且不太自然。从侧面可以很容易看到这种独特的不自然的步法。后腿向上和向前运动，保持一条笔直的，象钟摆一样的线路，臀部轻微反弹，腿既不过于向后伸，也不过于向前伸。后脚推力强劲，后腿最小的角度的动作就能把力量以直线方式传给身体。为了以最高效率将这种力量传到身体前部，躯干必须短，而且中间部分不能有隆起。从后面看，从髋关节到肉趾的骨骼的线条在运动时能保持一条直线。随着速度加快，后腿轻微向内倾斜。膝关节必须指向运动的方向，不能向外，形成弯腿或被绊住。
从前面看，从肩关节到肉趾的骨骼线条在运动时能保持一条直线。随着独独加快，前腿运动不能完全保持平行，相反，会轻微向内倾斜。前腿的运动不能划半圆，或走小碎步，或出现拖沓的步法。身体前后部分必须保持动态平衡。
松狮的速度不够，但是耐力优秀，这有赖于笔直有力的后腿提供直接有效的力量。
非常聪明，个性独立以及与生俱来的高贵气质使松狮犬看上去不太亲近。
松狮犬天性保守，对陌生人有洞悉力。有攻击倾向和胆怯的表现是不能接受的。由于松狮犬的眼睛深陷，它的视力范围有限，最好在这个范围内接近它。
应根据缺陷与上述标准背离程度进行评判。评价松狮犬时，整体结构是基本考虑依据。任何特征过于夸张，导致身体无法保持平衡或稳定都属于严重的缺陷。
类别应包括一般外貌，性格，各部分的协调以及稳定性，尤其是在运动过程中。应对运动进行必要的强调，这是松狮犬构造、平衡和稳健的最终评测标准。
单只或两只垂耳。出现垂耳是指从耳朵底部到尖部的某一点出现断裂，或者是耳朵不能直立，而是与颅骨的顶部平行。
鼻子出现斑点或明显不是黑色，蓝色松狮除外，它的鼻子可能是深蓝色或暗蓝灰色。
舌头的上表面或边缘为红色或粉红色，或有一个或多个红色或粉红色的点。
标准通过日期：1986年11月11日
标准修订日期：1990年8月21日
Chow Chow Breed Standard
General Appearance – Characteristics – An ancient breed of northern Chinese origin, this all-purpose dog of China was used for hunting, herding, pulling and protection of the home. While primarily a companion today, his working origin must always be remembered when assessing true Chow type. A powerful, sturdy, squarely built, upstanding dog of Arctic type, medium in size with strong muscular development and heavy bone. The body is compact, short coupled, broad and deep, the tail set high and carried closely to the back, the whole supported by four straight, strong, sound legs. Viewed from the side, the hind legs have little apparent angulation and the hock joint and metatarsals are directly beneath the hip joint. It is this structure which produces the characteristic shorter, stilted gait unique to the breed. The large head with broad, flat skull and short, broad and deep muzzle is proudly carried and accentuated by a ruff. Elegance and substance must be combined into a well balanced whole, never so massive as to outweigh his ability to be active, alert and agile. Clothed in a smooth or an offstanding rough double coat, the Chow is a masterpiece of beauty, dignity and naturalness. Essential to true Chow type are his unique blue-black tongue, scowling expression and stilted gait.
Size, Proportions, Substance
Size--The average height of adult specimens is 17 to 20 inches at the withers but in every case consideration of overall proportions and type should take precedence over size. Proportions-- Square in profile and close coupled. Distance from forechest to point of buttocks equals height at the highest points of the withers. Serious Fault Profile other than square. Distance from tip of elbow to ground is half the height at the withers. Floor of chest level with tips of elbows. Width viewed from the front and rear is the same and must be broad. It is these proportions that are essential to true Chow type. In judging puppies, no allowance should be made for their failure to conform to these proportions.
Substance--Medium in size with strong muscular development and heavy bone. Equally objectionable are snipy, fine boned specimens and overdone, ponderous, cloddy specimens. In comparing specimens of different sex, due allowance must be made in favor of the bitches who may not have as much head or substance as do the males. There is an impression of femininity in bitches as compared to an impression of masculinity in dogs.
HeadProudly carried, large in proportion to the size of the dog but never so exaggerated as to make the dog seem top-heavy or to result in a low carriage. Expression essentially scowling, dignified, lordly, discerning, sober and snobbish, one of independence. The scowl is achieved by a marked brow with a padded button of skin just above the inner, upper corner of each eye; by sufficient play of skin to form frowning brows and a distinct furrow between the eyes beginning at the base of the muzzle and extending up the forehead; by the correct eye shape and placement and by the correct ear shape, carriage and placement. Excessive loose skin is not desirable. Wrinkles on the muzzle do not contribute to expression and are not required.
Eyes dark brown, deep set and placed wide apart and obliquely, of moderate size, almond in shape. The correct placement and shape should create an Oriental appearance. The eye rims black with lids which neither turn in nor droop and the pupils of the eyes clearly visible. Serious Faults Entropion or ectropion, or pupils wholly or partially obscured by loose skin.
Ears small, moderately thick, triangular in shape with a slight rounding at the tip, carried stiffly erect but with a slight forward tilt. Placed wide apart with the inner corner on top of the skull. An ear which flops as the dog moves is very undesirable. Disqualifying Fault – Drop ear or ears. A drop ear is one which breaks at any point from its base to its tip or which is not carried stiffly erect but lies parallel to the top of the skull.
Skull The top skull is broad and flat from side to side and front to back. Coat and loose skin cannot substitute for the correct bone structure. Viewed in profile, the toplines of the muzzle and skull are approximately parallel, joined by a moderate stop. The padding of the brows may make the stop appear steeper than it is. The muzzle is short in comparison to the length of the top skull but never less than one-third of the head length. The muzzle is broad and well filled out under the eyes, its width and depth are equal and both dimensions should appear to be the same from its base to its tip. This square appearance is achieved by correct bone structure plus padding of the muzzle and full cushioned lips. The muzzle should never be so padded or cushioned as to make it appear other than square in shape. The upper lips completely cover the lower lips when the mouth is closed but should not be pendulous.
Nose large, broad and black in color with well opened nostrils. Disqualifying Fault – Nose spotted or distinctly other color than black, except in blue Chows which may have solid blue or slate noses.
Mouth and Tongue – Edges of the lips black, tissues of the mouth mostly black, gums preferably black. A solid black mouth is ideal. The top surface and edges of the tongue a solid blue-black, the darker the better. Disqualifying Fault – The top surface or edges of the tongue red or pink or with one or more spots of red or pink. Teeth strong and even with a scissors bite.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck strong, full, well muscled, nicely arched and of sufficient length to carry the head proudly above the topline when standing at attention. Topline straight, strong and level from the withers to the root of the tail.
Body short, compact, close coupled, strongly muscled, broad, deep and well let down in the flank. The body, back, coupling and croup must all be short to give the required square build. Chest broad, deep and muscular, never narrow or slab-sided. The ribs close together and well sprung, not barrel. The spring of the front ribs is somewhat narrowed at their lower ends to permit the shoulder and upper arm to fit smoothly against the chest wall. The floor of the chest is broad and deep extending down to the tips of the elbows. The point of sternum slightly in front of the shoulder points. Serious Faults Labored or abdominal breathing (not to include normal panting), narrow or slab-sided chest. Loin well muscled, strong, short, broad and deep. Croup short and broad with powerful rump and thigh muscles giving a level croup. Tail set high and carried closely to the back at all times, following the line of the spine at the start.
Forequarters
Shoulders strong, well muscled, the tips of the shoulder blades moderately close together; the spine of the shoulder forms an angle approximately 55 degrees with the horizontal and forms an angle with the upper arm approximately 110 degrees. Length of upper arm never less than length of shoulder blade. Elbow joints set well back alongside the chest wall, elbows turning neither in nor out. Forelegs perfectly straight from elbow to foot with heavy bone which must be in proportion to the rest of the dog. Viewed from the front, the forelegs are parallel and widely spaced commensurate with the broad chest. Pasterns short and upright. Wrists shall not knuckle over. The dewclaws may be removed. Feet round, compact, catlike, standing well upon the thick toe pads.
Hindquarters
The rear assembly broad, powerful, and well muscled in the hips and thighs, heavy in bone with rear and front bone approximately equal. Viewed from the rear, the legs are straight, parallel and widely spaced commensurate with the broad pelvis. Stifle Joint shows little angulation, is well knit and stable, points straight forward and the bones of the joint should be clean and sharp. Hock Joint well let down and appears almost straight. The hock joint must be strong, well knit and firm, never bowing or breaking forward or to either side. The hock joint and metatarsals lie in a straight line below the hip joint. Serious Faults Unsound stifle or hock joints. Metatarsals short and perpendicular to the ground. The dewclaws may be removed. Feet same as front.
Coat
There are two types of coat; rough and smooth. Both are double coated. Rough In the rough coat, the outer coat is abundant, dense, straight and offstanding, rather coarse in texture; the undercoat soft, thick and wooly. Puppy coat soft, thick and wooly overall. The coat forms a profuse ruff around the head and neck, framing the head. The coat and ruff generally longer in dogs than in bitches. Tail well feathered. The coat length varies markedly on different Chows and thickness, texture and condition should be given greater emphasis than length. Obvious trimming or shaping is undesirable. Trimming of the whiskers, feet and metatarsals optional. Smooth The smooth coated Chow is judged by the same standard as the rough coated Chow except that references to the quantity and distribution of the outer coat are not applicable to the smooth coated Chow, which has a hard, dense, smooth outer coat with a definite undercoat. There should be no obvious ruff or feathering on the legs or tail.
Color
Clear colored, solid or solid with lighter shadings in the ruff, tail and featherings. There are five colors in the Chow: red (light golden to deep mahogany), black, blue, cinnamon (light fawn to deep cinnamon) and cream. Acceptable colors to be judged on an equal basis.
Gait
Proper movement is the crucial test of proper conformation and soundness. It must be sound, straight moving, agile, brief, quick, and powerful, never lumbering. The rear gait shorter and stilted because of the straighter rear assembly. It is from the side that the unique stilted action is most easily assessed. The rear leg moves up and forward from the hip in a straight, stilted pendulum-like line with a slight bounce in the rump, the legs extend neither far forward nor far backward. The hind foot has a strong thrust which transfers power to the body in an almost straight line due to the minimal rear leg angulation. To transmit this power efficiently to the front assembly, the coupling must be short and there should be no roll through the midsection. Viewed from the rear, the line of bone from hip joint to pad remains straight as the dog moves. As the speed increases the hind legs incline slightly inward. The stifle joints must point in the line of travel, not outward resulting in a bowlegged appearance nor hitching in under the dog. Viewed from the front, the line of bone from shoulder joint to pad remains straight as the dog moves. As the speed increases, the forelegs do not move in exact parallel planes, rather, incline slightly inward. The front legs must not swing out in semicircles nor mince or show any evidence of hackney action. The front and rear assemblies must be in dynamic equilibrium. Somewhat lacking in speed, the Chow has excellent endurance because the sound, straight rear leg provides direct, usable power efficiently.
Temperament
Keen intelligence, an independent spirit and innate dignity give the Chow an aura of aloofness. It is a Chow’s nature to be reserved and discerning with strangers. Displays of aggression or timidity are unacceptable. Because of its deep set eyes the Chow has limited peripheral vision and is best approached from the front.
Summary
Faults shall be penalized in proportion to their deviation from the standard. In judging the Chow, the overall picture is of primary consideration. Exaggeration of any characteristic at the expense of balance or soundness shall be severely penalized.
Type should include general appearance, temperament, the harmony of all parts, and soundness especially as seen when the dog is in motion. There should be proper emphasis on movement which is the final test of the Chow's conformation, balance and soundness.
Disqualifications
Drop ear or ears. A drop ear is one which breaks at any point from its base to its tip or which is not carried stiffly erect but lies parallel to the top of the skull.
Nose spotted or distinctly other color than black, except in blue Chows which may have solid blue or slate noses.
The top surface or edges of the tongue red or pink or with one or more spots of red or pink.
Approved October 10, 2005
Effective January 1, 2006
相关文章