柴犬、西巴犬(Shiba Inu)AKC标准及简介
Shiba Inu Breed Standard
[简介]
柴犬是日本本土犬种中最小的一种，最初是培养了用于在日本多山的地形中，在浓密的灌木丛中，利用视觉和嗅觉进行捕猎的猎犬。警惕而敏捷，感觉敏锐。同时，他也是一种非常卓越的看门狗和伴侣犬。他的结构紧凑，肌肉发达。雄性和雌性在外貌上截然不同，雄性明显显得雄壮，但不粗糙；雌性明显显得柔美，但结构上不显得软弱。
[体型]
雄性肩高大约在14.5~16.5英寸；雌性肩高大约在13.5~15.5英寸。理想的肩高是各自性别所允许的肩高范围的中间值。在理想肩高条件下的平均体重，雄性为23磅；雌性为17磅。雄性肩高与体长的比例约为10:11，雌性略长一些。骨量适中。失格：雄性肩高超过16.5英寸或低于14.5英寸；雌性肩高超过15.5英寸或低于13.5英寸。
[头部]
表情：性情良好，强大而自信的凝视。眼睛：形状有点接近三角形，位置深，向上、向耳根外侧倾斜。眼睛颜色为深褐色。眼圈为黑色。耳朵为三角形，稳固地竖起、且小，但与头部及身躯的比例恰当。耳朵的距离分的较开，直接向前倾斜，倾斜的耳朵背面与圆拱的颈部融合。脑袋：中等大小，与身躯的比例恰当。前额：前额宽而平坦，有轻微的凹槽。止部：适中。口吻：稳固、丰满、圆，结实的下颌从面颊向前突出。鼻梁很直，从止部到鼻尖成轻微的锥形。口吻的长度占整个头部长度（从后枕骨到鼻镜的距离）的40%。保持完整的胡须比较理想。嘴唇紧，且为黑色。鼻镜为黑色。咬和为剪状咬和，齿系完整，牙齿结实，整齐。
严重缺陷：缺齿4颗或更多，属于非常严重的缺陷。
失格：上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和。
[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：粗壮，强健，长度适中。背线：直、水平（到尾根处为止）。身躯：干燥且肌肉发达，没有任何行动迟缓或粗糙低劣的样子。前胸非常发达。胸部深度，从马肩隆到胸骨最低点的距离大约为肩高的一半或略小一点。肋骨：适度支撑，腹部稳固而上提。背部：稳固。腰部：结实。尾巴：粗壮而有力，以镰刀状或卷曲状卷在背后。松弛的单卷或镰刀状尾巴，尾尖指向颈部，几乎与背部平行的姿势是首选的。双卷或镰刀状，尾尖指向上方是可以接受的。尾巴的长度为，如果将尾巴弄直，能延伸到飞节。尾巴位置高。
[前躯]
肩胛骨和上臂骨之间的角度适中，且长度几乎相等。肘部贴近身躯，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。前腿和足爪适度分开，直且彼此平行。骹骨略微倾斜。前肢狼爪是否切除是可选的。足爪类似猫足，脚趾圆拱，紧凑，脚垫厚实。
[后躯]
后躯角度适中，与前躯角度相称。后腿结实，自然的姿势是距离较宽。飞节结实，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。第一节大腿长，第二节大腿短，但非常发达。没有狼爪。足爪与前躯相同。
[被毛]
双层被毛，外层披毛直而僵硬，内层底毛柔软而厚实。脸部、耳朵和腿部的毛发短而平。身躯上的防护性被毛直立着，马肩隆的毛发长度约在1.5~2英寸。尾巴上的毛发略长，且直立，象刷子形。柴犬以自然姿态出现是首选的。修剪被毛将受到严厉的处罚。严重缺陷：过长或羊毛质的被毛。
[颜色]
关于被毛颜色的描述如下，共有三种颜色是允许的，他们的地位相同，没有偏爱。底毛颜色为奶酪色、浅黄色和灰色。
Urajiro（奶酪色到白色腹部），下列区域必须出现这种颜色：口吻两侧，面颊，耳朵内，下颌，喉咙上部及腿部内侧，腹部及肛门周围，尾巴侧面。红色：一般在喉咙，前胸和胸部。黑色和芝麻色：一般呈三角形斑纹出现在前胸两侧。所有颜色中，眼睛上方出现白色斑点都是允许的，但不理想。
亮橘色：红色带有Urajiro色，具有类似狐狸的外貌，整洁的红色为首选，但背部和尾巴带有少量黑色绒尖也是允许的。
黑色带有棕色及Urajiro色。黑色毛发倾向于褐色，而不是兰色。底毛为浅黄色或灰色。黑色与棕色之间的边界显得整齐清晰。棕色部位如下：眼睛上方有两个卵形斑点；口吻两侧，在黑色鼻梁和白色面颊之间；前肢外侧，从手腕或略高的位置，延伸到脚趾；后腿外侧，从膝关节开始变宽到前面，经飞节延伸到足爪，但后骹骨不排除黑色。脚趾有黑色铅笔纹是允许的。在耳朵内和尾巴下方也能发现棕色毛发。
芝麻色（在丰富的红色底色上带有黑色绒尖）带有Urajiro色。绒尖轻盈，均匀分布在身躯和头部，没有黑色聚集的区域。芝麻色区域看起来至少有一半是红色的。芝麻色可能在前额顶部形成短行，保留红色的鼻梁和口吻两侧，眼睛上的斑点和腿下半部也是红色的。整洁的白色是允许的，但不是必须的。白色斑纹出现在尾巴尖，形成短袜，从前肢足爪至肘部，从后肢足爪到膝关节。火焰状斑纹，出现在喉咙、前胸、胸部是允许的，加入Urajiro色中。
严重缺陷：奶酪色、白色杂斑，及没有在前面详细描述的其他颜色斑纹，都属于缺陷，并将收到处罚。
[步态]
动作敏捷、轻盈而有弹性。小跑时，腿部趋向于向身躯中心线收拢，背线保持稳固、水平。前躯伸展和后躯驱动都显得适度而有效。在比赛中，柴犬的步态是在放松牵引绳的情况下的活泼的小跑。
[气质]
英勇大胆，非常纯朴，不矫柔造作、坦白，这些特点共同产生一种高贵，且自然美丽的性格。柴犬具有独立的天性，对陌生人有所保留，但对于得到他的尊重的人则显得忠诚而挚爱。有时会攻击其他狗，所以柴犬必须由牵犬师严格控制。任何攻击牵犬师或裁判的意图，及过度羞怯都属于严重缺陷。
[总结]
前面描述的是一个理想的柴犬，任何背离上述标准的地方都被认为是缺陷，并将受到惩罚。缺陷的严重程度是看他与标准的背离程度。形状、颜色、动作和气质的和谐匀称程度，比任何一个单一的特征都更重要。
[失格]
雄性肩高超过16.5英寸或低于14.5英寸；雌性肩高超过15.5英寸或低于13.5英寸。
上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和。
General Appearance
The Shiba is the smallest of the Japanese native breeds of dog and was originally developed for hunting by sight and scent in the dense undergrowth of Japan's mountainous areas. Alert and agile with keen senses, he is also an excellent watchdog and companion. His frame is compact with well-developed muscles. Males and females are distinctly different in appearance: males are masculine without coarseness, females are feminine without weakness of structure.
Size, Proportion, Substance
Males 14½ inches to 16½ inches at withers. Females 13½ inches to 15½ inches. The preferred size is the middle of the range for each sex. Average weight at preferred size is approximately 23 pounds for males, 17 pounds for females. Males have a height to length ration of 10 to 11, females slightly longer. Bone is moderate. Disqualification--Males over 16½ inches in dogs and under 14½ inches. Females over 15½ inches and under 13½ inches.
Head
Expression is good natured with a strong and confident gaze. Eyes are somewhat triangular in shape, deep set, and upward slanting toward the outside base of the ear. Iris is dark brown. Eye rims are black. Ears are triangular in shape, firmly pricked and small, but in proportion to head and body size. Ears are set well apart and tilt directly forward with the slant of the back of the ear following the arch of the neck. Skull size is moderate and in proportion to the body. Forehead is broad and flat with a slight furrow. Stop is moderate. Muzzle is firm, full, and round with a stronger lower jaw projecting from full cheeks. The bridge of the muzzle is straight. Muzzle tapers slightly from stop to nose tip. Muzzle length is 40% of the total head length from occiput to nose tip. It is preferred that whiskers remain intact. Lips are tight and black. Nose is black. Bite is scissors, with a full complement of strong, substantial, evenly aligned teeth.
Serious Fault: Five or more missing teeth is a very serious fault and must be penalized.
Disqualification--Overshot or undershot bite.
Neck, Topline and Body
Neck is thick, sturdy, and of moderate length. Topline is straight and level to the base of the tail. Body is dry and well muscled without the appearance of sluggishness or coarseness. Forechest is well developed. Chest depth measured from the withers to the lowest point of the sternum is one-half or slightly less than the total height from withers to ground. Ribs are moderately sprung. Abdomen is firm and well tucked-up. Back is firm. Loins are strong. Tail is thick and powerful and is carried over the back in a sickle or curled position. A loose single curl or sickle tail pointing vigorously toward the neck and nearly parallel to the back is preferred. A double curl or sickle tail pointing upward is acceptable. In length the tail reaches nearly to the hock joint when extended. Tail is set high.
Forequarters
Shoulder blade and upper arm are moderately anuglated and approximately equal in length. Elbows are set close to the body and turn neither in nor out. Forelegs and feet are moderately spaced, straight, and parallel. Pasterns are slightly inclined. Removal of front dewclaws is optional. Feet are catlike with well-arched toes fitting tightly together . Pads are thick.
Hindquarters
The angulation of the hindquarters is moderate and in balance with the angulation of the forequarters. Hind legs are strong with a wide natural stance. The hock joint is strong, turning neither in nor out. Upper thighs are long and the second thighs short but well developed. No dewclaws. Feet as in forequarters.
Coat
Double coated with the outer coat being stiff and straight and the undercoat soft and thick. Fur is short and even on face, ears, and legs. Guard hairs stand off the body are about 1½ to 2 inches in length at the withers. Tail hair is slightly longer and stands open in a brush. It is preferred that the Shiba be presented in a natural state. Trimming of the coat must be severely penalized. Serious Fault--Long or woolly coat.
Color
Coat color is as specified herein, with the three allowed colors given equal consideration. All colors are clear and intense. The undercoat is cream, buff or gray.
Urajiro (cream to white ventral color) is required in the following areas on all coat colors: on the sides of the muzzle, on the cheeks, inside the ears, on the underjaw and upper throat inside of legs, on the abdomen, around the vent and the ventral side of the tail. On reds: commonly on the throat, forechest, and chest. On blacks and sesames: commonly as a triangular mark on both sides of the forechest. White spots above the eyes permitted on all colors but not required.
Bright orange-red with urajiro lending a foxlike appearance to dogs of this color. Clear red preferred but a very slight dash of black tipping is permitted on the back and tail.
Black with tan points and urajiro. Black hairs have a brownish cast, not blue. The undercoat is buff or gray. The borderline between black and tan areas is clearly defined. Tan points are located as follows: two oval spots over the eyes: on the sides of the muzzle between the black bridge of the muzzle and the white cheeks; on the outside of the forelegs from the carpus, or a little above, downward to the toes; on the outside of the hind legs down the front of the stifle broadening from hock joint to toes, but not completely eliminating black from rear of pasterns. Black penciling on toes permitted. Tan hairs may also be found on the inside of the ear and on the underside of the tail.
Sesame (black-tipped hairs on a rich red background) with urajiro. Tipping is light and even on the body and head with no concentration of black in any area. Sesame areas appear at least one-half red. Sesame may end in a widow's peak on the forehead, leaving the bridge and sides of the muzzle red. Eye spots and lower legs are also red.
Clearly delineated white markings are permitted but not required on the tip of the tail and in the form of socks on the forelegs to the elbow joint, hind legs to the knee joint. A patch of blaze is permitted on the throat, forechest, or chest in addition to urajiro.
Serious fault--Cream, white pinto, or any other color or marking not specified is a very serious fault and must be penalized.
Gait
Movement is nimble, light, and elastic. At the trot, the legs angle in towards a center line while the topline remains level and firm. forward reach and rear extension are moderate and efficient. In the show ring, the Shiba is gaited on a loose lead at a brisk trot.
Temperament
A spirited boldness, a good nature, and an unaffected forthrightness, which together yield dignity and natural beauty. The Shiba has an independent nature and can be reserved toward strangers but is loyal and affectionate to those who earn his respect. At times aggressive toward other dogs, the Shiba is always under the control of his handler. Any aggression toward handler or judge or any overt shyness must be severely penalized.
Summary
The foregoing is a description of the ideal Shiba. Any deviation from the above standard is to be considered a fault and must be penalized. The severity of the fault is equal to the extent of the deviation. A harmonious balance of form, color, movement, and temperament is more critical than any one feature.
Disqualifications
Males over 16½ and under 14½ inches.
Females over 15½ and under 13½ inches.
Overshot or undershot bite.
Approved February 7, 1997
Effective March 31, 1997
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