西施犬(Shih Tzu)介绍及AKC标准

[西施犬的历史]
传说在17世纪中叶，由西藏达赖喇嘛献给皇帝的拉萨狮子犬与北京犬杂交便得到了西施犬。1908年慈禧太后死后，这种犬才秘密地运往欧洲。西施犬小而聪明，非常驯顺。据说西施犬的繁殖是由一些太监负责的，他们竞相育成能讨皇帝欢心的小犬。英国于1935年成立了西施犬俱乐部，再由英国引入斯坎地纳维亚国家和其他欧洲国家以及澳大利亚。第二次世界大战期间驻英美军回国时又引入了美国。1969年美国养犬俱乐部对西施犬开始登记。西施犬喜欢与人交往，依恋性和耐受性强，自信、聪明，爱儿童与动物，既适合于养在城市也适合于农村生活。但必须每天梳理修饰被毛，头上的长毛至少在喂食时要扎住。如果饲养管理良好，可以活15年以上。

[西施犬的简介]
西施犬是一种结实、活泼、警惕的玩具狗，有两层被毛，毛长而平滑。其中国祖先具有高贵的血统，是一种宫廷宠物，所以西施非常骄傲，总是高傲地昂着头，尾巴翻卷在背上。尽管西施犬大小相当不一致，但必须是紧凑、结实、有适当的体重和骨骼。

[西施犬的体型]
理想的尺寸是肩高9~10 1/2英寸；但不能低于8英寸或高于11英寸。成年狗理想的体重在9~16磅。从肩到尾根的长度略大于肩高。西施不能太高，变成长脚狗，也不能太矮，象个矮脚鸡。不管是什么尺寸，西施都应该是紧凑、结实而且有相当的体重和骨量。

[西施犬的头部]
头部圆且宽，两眼之间开阔，与犬的全身大小相称，既不太大又不太小。缺陷：头窄，眼睛距离近。表情热情、和蔼，眼睛大睁，友好而充满信任。整体平衡和令人愉快的表情要比其他部分都重要。实际质素非常重要，比赛中检查的是实际的头部和表情，而不是通过美容塑造的外观。眼睛大而圆，不外突，两眼间距离恰当，视线笔直向前。眼睛颜色非常深。肝色和兰色狗的眼睛颜色浅。缺陷：小，距离近，浅色眼睛；眼白过多。耳朵大，耳根位于头顶下略低一点的地方；长有浓密的被毛。脑袋呈圆拱形。止部轮廓清晰。口吻宽、短、没有皱纹，上唇厚实，不能低于下眼角。决不能向下弯。理想的尺寸是从鼻尖到止部不超过1英寸。当然各种不同尺寸的狗情况略有不同。口吻前端平；下唇和下颌不突出，也不后缩。缺陷：没有明显的止部。鼻孔宽大、张开。鼻镜、嘴唇眼圈应该是黑色的，除了肝色的狗是肝色，兰色的狗是兰色。缺陷：粉色的鼻子、嘴唇或眼圈。下颚突出式咬合，颌部宽阔。缺齿和牙齿略不整齐都不是严重缺陷。嘴唇闭合时，牙齿和舌头不可见。缺陷：上颚突出式咬合。

[西施犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
最重要的特点就是整体均衡，没有特别夸张的地方。颈部与肩的结合流畅平滑；颈长足以使头自然高昂并与肩高和身长相称。背线平。身躯短而结实，没有细腰或收腹。体长略大于肩高。缺陷：腿长。胸部宽而深，肋骨扩张良好，然而不能出现桶状胸。胸部的深度刚好达到肘部以下的位置。从肘部到马肩隆的长度略大与从肘部到地面的距离。尾根位置高，饰毛丰厚，翻卷在背后。太松散、太紧、太平或尾根位置太低都属于有缺陷，不符合品种标准。

[西施犬的前躯]
肩的角度良好，平贴于躯干。腿直，骨骼良好，肌肉发达，分立于胸下，肘紧贴于躯干。腕部强壮而垂直。狼爪可以切除。脚结实，脚垫发达，脚尖向前。

[西施犬的后躯]
后躯角度应与前躯平衡。后腿的骨骼和肌肉都很发达。从后面观查，腿直。膝关节适当弯曲，两腿不紧贴，但与前肢成一线。飞节靠近地面，垂直。缺陷：飞节长。狼爪可以切除。脚结实，脚垫发达，脚尖向前。

[西施犬的被毛]
被毛华丽，双层毛，丰厚浓密，毛长而平滑，允许有轻微波状起伏。头顶毛用饰带扎起。缺陷：毛量稀少，单层毛，卷毛。为了整洁和便于运动，脚、腹底和肛门部位的被毛可以修剪。缺陷：修剪过度。

[西施犬的颜色]
允许有任何颜色，而且所有颜色一视同仁。

[西施犬的步态]
西施犬的行走路线直，速度自然，既不飞奔，也不受拘束，步态平滑、流畅、不费力，具有良好的前躯导向和强大的后躯驱动力，背线始终保持水平，自然地昂着头，尾巴柔和地翻卷在背后。

[西施犬的气质] 由于西施犬的唯一目的是作为伴侣犬和家庭宠物，它的性情基本上是开朗、欢乐、多情，对所有的人友好而信任。

标准通过日期：1989年5月9日
标准执行日期：1989年6月29日

[以下为西施犬(Shih Tzu)AKC标准原版]

Shih Tzu Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Shih Tzu is a sturdy, lively, alert toy dog with long flowing double coat. Befitting his noble Chinese ancestry as a highly valued, prized companion and palace pet, the Shih Tzu is proud of bearing, has a distinctively arrogant carriage with head well up and tail curved over the back. Although there has always been considerable size variation, the Shih Tzu must be compact, solid, carrying good weight and substance.

Even though a toy dog, the Shih Tzu must be subject to the same requirements of soundness and structure prescribed for all breeds, and any deviation from the ideal described in the standard should be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Structural faults common to all breeds are as undesirable in the Shih Tzu as in any other breed, regardless of whether or not such faults are specifically mentioned in the standard.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size - Ideally, height at withers is 9 to 10½ inches; but, not less than 8 inches nor more than 11 inches. Ideally, weight of mature dogs, 9 to 16 pounds. Proportion - Length between withers and root of tail is slightly longer than height at withers. The Shih Tzu must never be so high stationed as to appear leggy, nor so low stationed as to appear dumpy or squatty. Substance - Regardless of size, the Shih Tzu is always compact, solid and carries good weight and substance.

Head
Head - Round, broad, wide between eyes, its size in balance with the overall size of dog being neither too large nor too small. Fault: Narrow head, close-set eyes. Expression - Warm, sweet, wide-eyed, friendly and trusting. An overall well-balanced and pleasant expression supersedes the importance of individual parts. Care should be taken to look and examine well beyond the hair to determine if what is seen is the actual head and expression rather than an image created by grooming technique. Eyes - Large, round, not prominent, placed well apart, looking straight ahead. Very dark. Lighter on liver pigmented dogs and blue pigmented dogs. Fault: Small, close-set or light eyes; excessive eye white. Ears - Large, set slightly below crown of skull; heavily coated. Skull - Domed. Stop - There is a definite stop. Muzzle - Square, short, unwrinkled, with good cushioning, set no lower than bottom eye rim; never downturned. Ideally, no longer than 1 inch from tip of nose to stop, although length may vary slightly in relation to overall size of dog. Front of muzzle should be flat; lower lip and chin not protruding and definitely never receding. Fault: Snipiness, lack of definite stop. Nose - Nostrils are broad, wide, and open. Pigmentation - Nose, lips, eye rims are black on all colors, except liver on liver pigmented dogs and blue on blue pigmented dogs. Fault: Pink on nose, lips, or eye rims. Bite - Undershot. Jaw is broad and wide. A missing tooth or slightly misaligned teeth should not be too severely penalized. Teeth and tongue should not show when mouth is closed. Fault: Overshot bite.

Neck, Topline, Body
Of utmost importance is an overall well-balanced dog with no exaggerated features. Neck - Well set-on flowing smoothly into shoulders; of sufficient length to permit natural high head carriage and in balance with height and length of dog. Topline - Level. Body -Short-coupled and sturdy with no waist or tuck-up. The Shih Tzu is slightly longer than tall. Fault: Legginess. Chest -Broad and deep with good spring-of-rib, however, not barrel-chested. Depth of ribcage should extend to just below elbow. Distance from elbow to withers is a little greater than from elbow to ground. Croup - Flat. Tail - Set on high, heavily plumed, carried in curve well over back. Too loose, too tight, too flat, or too low set a tail is undesirable and should be penalized to extent of deviation.

Forequarters
Shoulders - Well-angulated, well laid-back, well laid-in, fitting smoothly into body. Legs - Straight, well-boned, muscular, set well-apart and under chest, with elbows set close to body. Pasterns - Strong, perpendicular. Dewclaws - May be removed. Feet - Firm, well-padded, point straight ahead.

Hindquarters
Angulation of hindquarters should be in balance with forequarters. Legs - Well-boned, muscular, and straight when viewed from rear with well-bent stifles, not close set but in line with forequarters. Hocks - Well let down, perpendicular. Fault: Hyperextension of hocks. Dewclaws - May be removed. Feet - Firm, well-padded, point straight ahead.

Coat
Coat - Luxurious, double-coated, dense, long, and flowing. Slight wave permissible. Hair on top of head is tied up. Fault: Sparse coat, single coat, curly coat. Trimming - Feet, bottom of coat, and anus may be done for neatness and to facilitate movement. Fault: Excessive trimming.

Color and Markings
All are permissible and to be considered equally.

Gait
The Shih Tzu moves straight and must be shown at its own natural speed, neither raced nor strung-up, to evaluate its smooth, flowing, effortless movement with good front reach and equally strong rear drive, level topline, naturally high head carriage, and tail carried in gentle curve over back.

Temperament
As the sole purpose of the Shih Tzu is that of a companion and house pet, it is essential that its temperament be outgoing, happy, affectionate, friendly and trusting towards all.

Approved May 9, 1989
Effective June 29, 1989